汉语语法第二十二讲：句式类 (Jùshì Lèi) – Sentence Patterns

Sentence patterns in Chinese provide frameworks for constructing grammatically correct and meaningful sentences.

“是”字句 (Shì Zìjù) – “Shì” Sentences:

“是”字句 (Shì Zìjù): This sentence pattern uses the verb “是” (shì) – “to be” as the main verb. It’s used to express identity, equality, or attribution.

50. 主语 + 是 + 宾语 (Subject + Shì + Object):

This structure affirms that the subject is the same as the object.

Example:

我是一个学生 (wǒ shì yī gè xuésheng) – I am a student.

他是我的朋友 (tā shì wǒ de péngyou) – He is my friend.

今天是星期一 (jīntiān shì xīngqī yī) – Today is Monday.

51. 方位短语 + 是 + 名词 (短语) (Directional Phrase + Shì + Noun (Phrase):

This structure indicates the location or position of the noun.

Example:

门口是停车场 (ménkǒu shì tíngchēchǎng) – The entrance is the parking lot.

桌子上面是书 (zhuōzi shàngmiàn shì shū) – On top of the table is a book.

墙上是画 (qiáng shàng shì huà) – On the wall is a painting.

Remember:

“Shì” sentences are versatile and commonly used in Chinese.

“有”字句 (Yǒu Zìjù) – “Yǒu” Sentences

“Yǒu” sentences are another common sentence pattern in Chinese, using the verb “有” (yǒu) – “to have” as the main verb. They express existence, possession, or presence.

52. 主语 + (没)有 + 宾语 (Subject + (Méi)yǒu + Object):

This structure expresses the presence or absence of something.

有 (yǒu): indicates that something exists or is possessed.

没有 (méiyǒu): indicates that something doesn’t exist or is not possessed.

Example:

我有一个苹果 (wǒ yǒu yī gè píngguǒ) – I have an apple.

他没有钱 (tā méiyǒu qián) – He doesn’t have money.

这里没有水 (zhèli méiyǒu shuǐ) – There is no water here.

53. 方位短语 + 有 + 名词 (短语) (Directional Phrase + Yǒu + Noun (Phrase):

This structure indicates that something exists or is located in a specific place.

Example:

桌子上有一本书 (zhuōzi shàng yǒu yī běn shū) – There is a book on the table.

房间里有一张床 (fángjiān lǐ yǒu yī zhāng chuáng) – There is a bed in the room.

树上有很多果子 (shù shàng yǒu hěnduō guǒzi) – There are many fruits on the tree.

Remember:

“Yǒu” sentences are fundamental in Chinese communication.

Pay attention to the context to determine whether “有” or “没有” is appropriate.

“Yǒu” sentences can be used to express a wide range of ideas related to existence, possession, and location.

“在”字句 (Zài Zìjù) – “Zài” Sentences

“Zài” sentences use the preposition “在” (zài) – “at,” “in,” or “on” as the main element, indicating location or position.

54. 方位词 (短语) + 在 + 方位词 (短语) (Directional Word/Phrase + Zài + Directional Word/Phrase):

This structure shows the relative position of two locations or places.

Example:

学校在公园的旁边 (xuéxiào zài gōngyuán de pángbiān) – The school is next to the park.

书桌在窗户的下面 (shūzhuō zài chuānghù de xiàmiàn) – The desk is below the window.

北京在中国的北部 (běijīng zài zhōngguó de běibù) – Beijing is in the north of China.

Important Notes:

“Zài” sentences often use prepositional phrases to indicate specific locations.

These sentences can describe the location of objects, people, places, or events.

“Zài” can be combined with other prepositions or adverbs to create more complex expressions of location.