汉语语法第二十讲：趋向补语 (Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ) – Directional Complement

Directional complements indicate the direction, destination, or manner of movement or change.

45. 简单趋向补语的本义 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ de Běnyì) – Literal Meaning of Simple Directional Complements:

Simple Directional Complements: These are single-character words that express basic directions.

Literal Meanings:

来 (lái): to come, to arrive (towards the speaker)

去 (qù): to go, to leave (away from the speaker)

上 (shàng): upwards, on top of

下 (xià): downwards, below

进 (jìn): to enter, to go in

出 (chū): to exit, to go out

回 (huí): to return, to go back

46. 简单趋向补语的引申义 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ de Yǐnshēnyì) – Extended Meaning of Simple Directional Complements:

Extended Meanings: Simple directional complements can also express abstract movements, changes, or states.

来 (lái): to become, to appear, to get closer

去 (qù): to disappear, to fade away, to get further away

上 (shàng): to increase, to rise, to be promoted

下 (xià): to decrease, to fall, to be demoted

进 (jìn): to improve, to progress, to advance

出 (chū): to leave, to give up, to become clear

回 (huí): to recover, to regain, to respond

47. 复合趋向补语的本义 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ de Běnyì) – Literal Meaning of Compound Directional Complements:

Compound Directional Complements: These are combinations of two or more characters that express more specific directions or movements.

Literal Meanings:

过来 (guòlái): to come over, to approach (from the other side)

过去 (guòqù): to go over, to move to the other side

上来 (shànglái): to come up, to ascend

下去 (xiàqù): to go down, to descend

进来 (jìnlai): to come in, to enter

出去 (chūqù): to go out, to exit

回去 (huíqù): to go back, to return

48. 复合趋向补语的引申义 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ de Yǐnshēnyì) – Extended Meaning of Compound Directional Complements:

Extended Meanings: Compound directional complements can also express abstract movements or changes that involve a transition or transformation.

过来 (guòlái): to change one’s mind, to become convinced

过去 (guòqù): to forget about, to pass away, to be a thing of the past

上来 (shànglái): to come up with, to think of, to be brought up

下去 (xiàqù): to continue, to persist, to be reduced

进来 (jìnlai): to be included, to be integrated, to be accepted

出去 (chūqù): to be published, to be released, to be exposed

回去 (huíqù): to revert, to return to, to go back to